As I told you in my Friday Freewrite Blog last Friday we had to do dissections last week. So how does the body of a frog compare to a human's body? Well, frogs have the same intestines, just a little bit different. So operating on a frog is almost like operating on a human, if that makes any sense. So in case they were looking f0r the stomach a frog has it in the same spot. Maybe a little different. Either way a frog's body is similar. If a surgeon had no animal practice, and the first thing he cut open was you, how well do you think he knows what to do. Obviously someone who hasan't ad any traing on an animal beforehand, wouldn't even start to operate, but the surgeon most likely doesn't know what to do. For example, you need surgory to remove a tumor. What if the surgeon didn't know what a tumor looked like and by mistake, took out your liver instead. You most lkely wouldn't be able to survive. Surgeons should have a bunch of instruction and help on operating, first on animals, like we did in science. This can be accomplished by someone who has done this many times and knows what to remove, or not remove, to safely accomplish the task of the animal dissection.

  This year I learned a whole buch of information, some of which I will never use. My favorite thing though this year was deoxy-ribo nucleic acid, or DNA. I know I have talked about this subject before, and have it for my presentation, multimedia project, and my google forms quiz. Of course you can see that I really like this topic. DNA is genetic mateirial that programs what your body will look like. The kind of DNA in side your cells are called chromosomes. There are many people who helped contribute to the finding of genetic material. Rosalind Franklin took pictures of DNA. What she ansd others of her colleages did were sudy the pictures closely to try and get a model of DNA also known as a double-helix. The most signidficant picture that was taken was Photo 51. This pictdure made the first model of DNA that was most accurate. Unfortunately, Roasalind was stolen fromk by her colleages whom got a Nobel awoard.

 Quizlet is an online flash card set that helps me study for my science tests. On the flashcard page, you can create sets faster than normal because you have an auto check button underneath. I can click that find the defination I need for my project and say ok without typing it in. Of course it does mean that you could type something in or not. In the set you can find games and other ways to help you study for the test or whatever you are studying for. So on the test day you can spell them and completely know them by heart. The first of these tools is called Speller. Splelle can by used as a tool to help you sopell things. a voice will say the word and you will type what you heard. There are many words normally and each is done twice.

  There are two kinds of peppered moths. OOne is white with a bunch of black spots on it. This kind lives in forests where trees are white baked, and have a bunch of lichen on them. The moths so they dion't get eaten, hid and blend inn with the trees. Their wings look like lichen so they are fine most of the time. But, they are found in Europe. In fact when the humans got their first real glimpse at the moths they were about to start the Industrial Revolution. So as the air became more and more polluted, the tree on white peppered moths hide on, starts to turn black. This becomes a huge problem because to survive, the moths needed the trees. When it turned a darker color, and when the moths sat there on the tree, they stuck out tlike sore thumbs. They could have gotten wiped out. One more species out of the world's wonderful rotation. That never happened because one of the peppered moths had a genetic mutation in which turned the wings darker. This created the second kind of peppered moth. This one had darker wings and could hide on trees that were darkened. So the species of peppered moths went on.
   Of course, Europe realised what had happened and started to stop polluting the air so much, but most of the trees couldn't be changed back in to white trees.

    How does pollution and other things help to make a species go extinct. Species that go through a sudden climate, new predator pollution stage can become extinct. Others adapt the climates. For example in England there were some peppered moths. During the same, time they were going through the Industrial Revolution. This led to many things causing pollution in the air. The trees that normal white peppered moths were used to were white with many lichens on them. The moths had black spots on their wings and disguised themselves as lichen to protect themselves from predators. Now the pollution takes its toll on the moths by turning most white trees in the asre to black trees. This made it hard not to get eaten by predators. The moths were able by a genetic mutation get new traits. These traits were that the wings of the moths were turned black. The moths had a better chance of surviving after that.

   In science we made a portrait of some pets that we used to show how heredity worked. One partner at the group flipped two coins and made their paper pet parent while the othe did the other. When you flipped the two coins the things that you coulod get were either recessive or dominant. Recssive is a trait that will skip generations and then reappear. dominant is the trait that when combined with the recessive will stay uncovered. So we were only doing a few things, genetics wise. So for male and female for the parents, you have to choose a person who will do one of the genders. Then everythng elso relied on the coin. Some traits were: blue or yelow body, round or square eyes, male and female(kids), triangle or oval nose, or pointed or square teeth.

   Punnett squares are used to solve genetic cases. If you were to draw one just draw a square, then split it in to sections. In the end you will have a square with four other squares in side it. Take the two alleles for one trait from one parent and either put it on the top or right side. Take the other two alleles from the other parent for the same gene and putit on the top or right side, whichever one you didn't put the first genes on. Remember these go on the outside of the bigger box. Then take the gene on the top(only the allele in the row you are working on) and place it in the first box. Look at the right side of the box and take thet allele to place it in the box. Do that with every allele and every box. Then comes some terms you should know to get a better answer. Homozygous means that it has the same letter like tt or TT. It also means that the child or offspring will be pureblood. Heterozygous means that you have two different traits like Tt.

       Last semester I learned a lot about science that was new to me. That should basically tell you that I didn't learn everything right off the bat. One thing thing that was hard for me was learning what the parts of the cell and what they do. There were so many parts that had all different locations that it became really confusing. Fortunatly my teacher had us all create digital flashcards to study with. The name of the place that I got the flashcards from was called Quizlet. By studying the flashcards I was able to learn the parts of the cell. I was able to input some of my own definitions with the words so I might be able to memorize them better instead of not  memorizing a long scientific definition. With that I was able to get  parts easier. Another thing that helped me learn my parts was the edible cell project we did. My group and I had to build an edible cake or other thing that would serve as a replacement. We had to figure out the locations of the parts to put them on the cell. Another thing that came with the cell project was we had to memorize the facts abouty the parts of the cell and answer one question when my teacher went to our table.
        That wasn't the only thing I struggled with last semester.

        When DNA divides it does some really weird things. DNA is made of nucleotides that are made of these components: sugar, phosphate and a base. There are four bases called adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. Adenine and thymine matcth up like puzzle peices and it is the same way with guanine and cytosine. When you look at DNA you can see a twisted ladder shape(DNA is to small to see so some models may show the shape). When DNA splits and duplicates it unzips itself down the middle. Then they make another helix out of protiens to connect with the next helix. They join up and we have two DNA molecules.

            What is DNA made out of? DNA is short for deoxy-ribose nucleic acid. What DNA is made out of are called nucleotides. When you string together a bunch of nucleotides you create a helix. Nucleotides are made out of three things. Those are phosphate, sugar, and a base. Each nucleotide is mad withe all three matierials, but there are four different bases. They are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. These are used to link together helixes to another creating a double helix.